Of Ethiopias total land area of 1,221,480 square kilometers, the government estimated in the late 1980s that 15 percent was under cultivation and 51 percent was pasture. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. You are not required to obtain permission to reuse this article in part or whole. According to Diriba (2020), the practice of mechanized agriculture in Ethiopia is estimated at 0.7% for land preparation while it is less than 0.8% for crops thresher machines. On the other hand, the agricultural problems in the developed and developing countries like Ethiopia are not the same. More than 80% of the population lives in rural areas where farming (i.e. Science Business. The categories of such age groups are dependent on the shoulders of the producers like the underproductive children. However, the expected level was not achieved. (2010). As FAO (2010) report indicated, the soil erosion hazard, aluminum toxicity, soil shallowness, and hydromorphone are constraining 1316% of the global arable land areas. Although soil erosion, overgrazing, and deforestation have seriously damaged the plateaus, nearly half the potentially cultivable land is still available for use. Ethiopia 's industrial sectors classified into four basic groups: agriculture, food processing, construction, resources and energy and tourism. Land degradation. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. The author is not aware of any affiliations, memberships, funding, or financial holdings that might be perceived as affecting the objectivity of this review. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, and degradation of natural resources are serious problems of developing nations that need urgent actions. MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources). In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. Political instability, weaknesses of successive strategic development policies and shortage of financial assistance in the country is the root cause of the problem. 2 The main contributions, potentials, characteristics and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. Governments are expected to enact socio-economic plans, such as reducing rural fertility rates (Prtner et al., 2012), and developing secondary cities and towns. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. Ethiopia has a high-level strategy to pursue agriculture-based industrialisation with a goal of achieving middle income country status by 2025 with no net increase in carbon emissions. Yet agriculture is the countrys most promising resource. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. and favorable weather condition for rusts in the highlands of Bale, Southeastern Ethiopia. However, in contrast to this finding, Aragie (2013) reported that in the past four decades the annual temperature increased by 0.37C per decade. FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). Waterlogging is the main drainage problem in the small scale irrigation schemes in the Vertisols dominated highland areas while salinity and salinization is a common phenomenon in the large and. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Its agriculture sector, economy, and food security status are equally complex. Such food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations and further intensifies the international security problems in the horn of Africa (Cohen & Garrett, 2009; Chakraborty & Garrett, 2002). A little modification has been made to bring internal transformation in the thinking and working habit of the people in the past century. Causes of poverty in Ethiopia include a variety of actions stemming from natural disasters as well as man-made actions. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is a basis for eradicating extreme poverty and reduces inequalities within region levels of income, opportunities, and ownership of assets, including land and building resilience to protracted crises, disasters, and conflicts by promoting inclusive and equitable development in the country. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, and the agricultural sector is dominated by smallholder farming systems. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. These strategies are required to be adopted by smallholder farmers. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). However, just five percent of land is irrigated and crop yields from small farms are below regional averages. Within the country, there is a lack of improved seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and irrigation. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Ethiopia's most promising resource is its agricultural land. Furthermore, it resulted in unsustainable land-use practices. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. Want to see the full answer? The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. Shekuru et al. The country is endowed with ample water resources in central, western, and southwestern parts, except dry parts of the northeastern and eastern parts which may even be supplied from the water-rich areas of the country. It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. Shallot, garlic, potatoes and chillies are mainly produced under . . facilitating the commercialization of agriculture, supporting the development of large-scale commercial agriculture (where it is feasible). It accelerates soil erosion, flooding, and drought. In Ethiopia, the farmland is highly fragmented in the central northern parts than other parts (Figure 1). The problems related to basic infrastructures like roads, hydroelectric generation plants, irrigation tools, and other farm equipment availability in the country and limitation of foreign currencies for importation also limited the attractiveness of the agricultural sector to private investors (Diriba, 2020). Across Ethiopia, nearly 9 million people are in need of food assistance. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3). Examples of major regular insect pests in Ethiopia. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. For instance, waterlogging is highly problematic in Vertisols of the highlands while salinity is in lowland areas of the country (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). We use cookies to improve your website experience. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. Ethiopia is a preferred destination for many investors and tourists because of the unique climatic conditions it possesses. Therefore, raising production levels and reducing their variability are essential aspects of improving food security in . One of the keys will be changing the way agriculture is financed and incentivized. Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). Ethiopia has no: Less than 21 soil types with varying physical and chemical features. The global food system is expected to provide safe and nutritious food to a population that will likely grow from 7.5 billion people today, to nearly 10 billion by 2050. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). What characteristics allow plants to survive in the desert? It does not store any personal data. In general, land degradation is an impediment to realizing food security in reducing hunger (FAO, 2017). Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. See answer. Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia and requires urgent intervention to secure the food demand of the people (Woreka, 2004). Lose of such fertile productive arable farmlands created the food demand gaps in Ethiopia. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? Notably, the variability is higher between July and September. These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, 2011). 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? They are also not motivated in the utilization of the innovated or new agricultural technologies like improved seeds and modern agricultural tools. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. major problems of agriculture in ethiopia The aim of this paper is to demonstrate trends and controversies of population growth and . Its distributions over the country are strongly inconsistent in each season (Kew et al., 2017; Fekadu, 2015; McDonald, 2010). It also declines the levels of arable land availability (Campbell, 2011; Pender et al., 2006). Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, 2016). Table 10. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). In addition, the country's agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. But there is a critical lack of comprehensive study on the extent of landlessness, its effects, and coping mechanisms in the country (Adugna, 2019). Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., 2008). The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). The rapidly increasing populations, depletion of soil fertility, landlessness, climate change, deforestation, political turmoil, and degradation of natural resources are among the current problems facing the country. Among the sub-sectors of agriculture, crop production is a major contributor to GDP accounting for approximately 28% in 2005/2006. At that time, the criteria of the provision of farmland are based on the number of families and cattle. A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. However, Ethiopias current fruit, vegetable, and animal production for export are very limited because of fragmented cultivation and lack of quality. Because agriculture is the primary source for . At the same time, the net farm income per hectare is not responsive to the rising of constraints. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? Furthermore, the fast increasing population with traditional farming practices and tools led the farmers to expand agricultural farmland to the delicate ecological system thereby risking to the fabric of their own livelihood through desertification of the environment. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. At the international, regional, national, and local levels, there is a direct correlation between food insecurity and poverty. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. However, agriculture is still the backbone of the country which represents about 33.88% of its GDP (Plecher, 2020). The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. Poverty is the number 1 problem in Ethiopia. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. The significant cost of power or electricity that is shouldering by our farmers are a big problem.. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. Generally, the landless farmers become at risk in Ethiopia at this moment than the previous feudal systems or before the Derge regime. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Overcoming these challenges requires a greater commitment of the governments, nongovernment, and other international organizations to assurance the peoples basic needs and inspire the citizens to commercialize agriculture through improving infrastructures, provision of incentives, and export the agricultural commodities. It also reduced the plot size of farmland (Crewett et al., 2008). Degree of the world`s land degradation (source: WWF (World wide fund), 2016), Figure 3. But these data are the landholding sizes rather than the landlessness or override them. Increasing food demands through intensive competition on the available natural resources are the root causes of increasing greenhouse gas emissions, massive deforestation, losses of flora and fauna species, and land degradation (FAO, 2016), soil nutrient depletion, water scarcities particularly freshwater, violations or conflicts of interest, shortage of food availability, disrupt access to food and health care and undermining of social protection systems are pushing many affected people back into poverty. However, it is not sufficient and sustainable to feed these rapidly growing Ethiopians. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The future of Ethiopian agriculture is bright because of the fact that the country is gifted with a variable climate ranging from tropics (growing tropical crops like citrus fruits) to subtropics (growing crops like apples). Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), Land tenure in Ethiopia - Continuity and change, shifting rulers, and the quest for state control, CAPRi and International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Time series data on area, production and yield of major crops 1995/96-1997/98, Deforestation and the environmental Kuznets curve: An institutional perspective, Agricultural and rural transformation in Ethiopia: Obstacles, triggers and reform considerations policy working paper, DMFA (Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs). What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. The majority of the Ethiopians are farmers but they have not yet secured food at large. But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). Bureaucracy and ill management is another (may be the second biggest) top problem the country is facing. Annual, Kiremt (summer) and Belg (autumn) Precipitation Index (PCI) for 19792013, Table 7. Mean level of fragmentation (Simpson index), across Woredas of Ethiopia. Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). Ethiopias agriculture heavily relies on oxen plow and rain-fed that by neglecting other alternative technologies since the time of the Neolithic era (Diriba, 2020). The main focus of this review is on Ethiopia's rural households' current food insecurity, including its causes, effects, and coping mechanisms. According to the World Bank, Ethiopia spent 26.3% of its government expenditure and 4.5% of its GDP on education provision in 2013. Then there's the deeper problem: a political infrastructure built almost exclusively around Ethiopia's constituent ethno-national groups. The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. However, in recent times in Ethiopia resettlement of farmers to the new arable farmland or to other national regional states of Ethiopia are unthinkable. Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. Last month, at the 23rd anniversary of the downfall of the Dergue regime, Prime Minister Hailemariam declared that Ethiopias have become food self-sufficient at national level with annual production of major crops reaching 25 million tones (250 million Quintals). Around 80-85% Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Traditional farming systems and low production and productivity well express the current Ethiopian agriculture. They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). The author received no direct funding for this research. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . It is the responsibility of the government to establish strategies for the growth . Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Figure 2. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Globally, it was forecasted that in the coming decades, the world is likely to be not only more populous and urban but also demographically older (FAO, 2017). Twenty-four (24) % of the degraded areas are found in Africa, SouthEast Asia, and South China, Northcentral Australia, Pampas, Swaths of the Siberian and Northern American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas (Bai et al., 2008). In Ethiopia, the land is allocated to farmers by the state. Required fields are marked *. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. Not only will there be more mouths to feed, but as incomes grow in emerging and . The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Loss of Arable Land threaten world food supplies, Ethiopia - Average consumer prices inflation rate. The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. (, Ethiopian seasonal rainfall variability and prediction using Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Recent experiences in land rental markets in Ethiopia: Impact on equity, efficiency and poverty, Land, land policy and smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and scenarios, Economics of land degradation and improvement in Ethiopia, The role of livestock in the Ethiopian2 Economy: Policy analysis using a dynamic computable general equilibrium model for Ethiopia. Table 1. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . continue to threaten several lives in Ethiopia today. It is settled with low population density and not protected by any land right regimen. See Solution. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). The agricultural sector of Ethiopia has shown remarkable resilience over many centuries though it is now increasingly failing. For instance, the wholesale price unit of maize grain in the capital city of Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) alone increased from 1,469 to 5,013 from 2005 to 2012 in Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per ton (FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations), 2015) and the price is tripled in the last five years. Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. The most frequent causes include a lack of more recently developed improved seeds, initial investment funds, cropland loss, labor, pesticides, invasive alien species, farm storage techniques, small-scale irrigation techniques, and obstacles based on religion and culture. This will improve the efficiency of food production, income, and environmental co-benefits (FAO, 2015). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., 2014). AQUASTAT - FAOs global information system on water and agriculture, FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations). ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, 2015) (Figures 2 and 3). The major producers of horticultural crops are small scale farmers, production being mainly rain fed and few under irrigation.
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major problems of agriculture in ethiopia