This causes the planet to get warmer. d^? ^'lGr0>i-S.B=-b[KfKB"i&p2i#tf )i3C+x:5 k9r00MO![x}]^=}RF` e%)zwitpo~5#-]xgCQ}(z-i$=b%%lQ/3m+d!nxR9RfqK-~^~/%|I@7wqA"68gs+.p[W-H&3(4)FCI@Ml$'+AZMyD+ F6%5Q|Oo|)BgL^*o9':G2:\3 The injection of wastewater into the subsurface can cause earthquakes that are large enough to be felt and may cause damage.". The USGS tracks greenhouse gas emissions and uptake across the nation and explores mechanisms for storing carbon and reducing emissions to help lessen the effects of climate change. Where are USGS Greenhouse Gas Emissions Coming From? Volcanoes can impact climate change. They know that the increase is coming from microbial sources because of the shift in the carbon-13 ratio but which microbial sources exactly? Learn more in this interactive map! Our level of primary knowledge is still very, very low, he says. Since then, Nigeria has become Africa's largest oil producer. When geologists explore for natural gas deposits on land, they may disturb vegetation and soil with their vehicles. Carbon sequestration helps slow or possibly reverse the effects of climate change. Stanford News is a publication of Stanford University Communications. yL+xCY8dRJAN`0` n$0NSw=3G@[G!Sa~MlaAq c8Bn=\r!g_g S^u!j 20XRbW-sj$$7,|77K &qm/ns0]*d>zO0:q7/rm Every year, 6,000 flasks arrive at a laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. As sea levels rise, tidal forces move saltier water farther upstream, extending into freshwater wetland areas. Additional areas where coal exists beneath more than 1,000 ft of overburden are also outlined; these may be targets for geologic storage of carbon dioxide i, This dataset includes ten years of emissions and sequestration estimates (2005-2014) in two separate tables, 1) the combustion and extraction of fossil fuels on Federal lands and 2) processes from the ecosystems on those Federal lands. I$B&\m]M_u6*VWm }OS1TU'gM4[yg"AFUVU:|c/ _F$p]Bra[DAZKPgI+z"N}Z@/G-4 q. CARB is responsible for preparing, adopting, and updating California's greenhouse gas inventory under Assembly Bill 1803 (2006). Hydraulic fracturing produces large amounts of wastewater at the surface, which may contain dissolved chemicals and other contaminants that require treatment before disposal or reuse. One visible Wetlands significantly contributes to regional, national and global carbon budgets. The long shadow of Iraq and its lessons today, How methane-producing cows leapt to the frontline of climate change, Find out more about our science-based targets here. "The Permian is one of the. We use pollen, plant macrofossils, accretion, and C. Together with partner organizations, the USGS is involved in data collection, analysis, and synthesis to improve estimates of coastal wetland carbon fluxes. Irrigation is critical for climate change adaptation, but it is also an important source of greenhouse gas emissions. n@%5Yt'XXHu2! In terms of total greenhouse gas emissions intensity for the 303 companies, Hilcorp Energy ranks 128th, ConocoPhillips ranks 191th and Exxon ranks 238th. Although Nisbet is nearing retirement, he keeps going out in the field, searching for the answer to the riddle. Special venting installed in coal mines; early detection of gas leaks; reducing methane venting during oil and gas production and other readily available measures could cut methane emissions by more than 40mn tonnes a year, according to the report. National Review EPA's Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks report. Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program (GHGRP) Home. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. How much carbon dioxide can the United States store via geologic sequestration? As the amount of these gases change, so does the atmospheres effectiveness at trapping heat. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. stream 23, 24 In . The researchers developed models of the physical processes involved at each stage from initial exploration through transport to refineries. U.S. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS s82SWl The laboratory measures the levels of different gases inside the samples, from carbon dioxide to nitrous oxide and sulphur hexafluoride, compiling a meticulous record that forms the basis for major climate models. Other approaches include using methane-eating bacteria to act as a filter for methane, such as in dairy farms. Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil, diesel, propane, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas liquids. personalising content and ads, providing social media features and to DUBAI, United Arab Emirates One of the world's largest oil producers, Saudi Arabia, announced Saturday it aims to reach "net zero" greenhouse gas emissions by 2060, joining more than 100. Comprehensive data summaries, comparisons, analysis, and projections integrated across all energy sources. Stanford University. As a result, a significant amount of effort has been devoted to determining a simple, safe and cost-effective method to reduce this particular greenhouse gas. Its a terrifying prospect, one that scientists studying this topic tend to tiptoe around, particularly in interviews. We use Data was compiled from source material at a scale range of 1:100,000 to 1:5,000,000 and is not intended for any greater detail. Because of the state's large population, however, when U.S. states' emissions are compared on a per capita basis, Texas ranks around ninth. To meet international climate goals, the world will need to transition away from burning O&G, and the O&G sector itself will need to curb its operational . How much carbon dioxide is produced when different fuels are burned? Methane hunters: what explains the surge in the potent greenhouse gas? Federal funding cuts a decade ago mean the network today is smaller than it used to be. New drilling and natural gas recovery technologies significantly reduce the land area that is disturbed to develop oil and gas resources. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. This water requires proper handling, storage, and treatment so that it does not pollute land and other waters. The worlds biggest methane emitters China and Russia have not signed the COP26 pledge. The registry, developed by Carbon Tracker and Global Energy Monitor, includes data from over 50,000 oil, gas and coal fields in 89 countries - covering 75 per cent of global reserves,. . (Image credit: Getty Images). At this writing, reports have been completed for Alaska, the Eastern U.S., the Great Plains, and the Western U.S. The USGS is partnering with NASA to measure coastal wetlands' ability to combat climate change through carbon sequestration. Stanford, California 94305. In August, the US extracted 18 million barrels of crude. x/"P%w,0VI6 Nkd" pxT$#V%[@Ja;~bM>sb+&It.y This research will help improve science and data availability across a wide range of topics. Coastal ecosystems, like wetlands, may be smaller in size when compared to say, a forest, but they have the ability to sequester more carbon per unit Scientifically speaking, sequestration refers to the capture and storage of an element, like carbon, in the environment. A significant drawback of most of the known oxygen . In 2013, CO 2 levels surpassed 400 ppm for the first time in recorded history. ExxonMobil, and Shell bid $192 million for drilling rights on federal gas and oil reserves in the Gulf of Mexico. As well as helping scientists piece together the current surge in methane emissions, the Arctic also gives an idea of what future emissions might look like: the region is warming three times faster than the rest of the planet. But it can be difficult to separate the signals from the noise., Others are more direct. These pools, known as thermokarst lakes, are spreading rapidly. However, most of the world's oil reserves are still concentrated in the Middle East, and about 71% are controlled by Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) members. We estimated mangrove forest C storage and accumulation rates in aboveground and belowground components among five sites along an urbanization gradient in the San Juan Bay Estuary, Puerto Rico. Important sources of greenhouse gas emissions include: Burning fossil fuels, including oil, coal, and natural gas Producing and using industrial products Agriculture, including cows and some crops Destroying or disrupting ecosystems that act as carbon sinks x]I7r_+Ra53H$CwMdaDU $"%D+N7=_>h>;o^nM9IA~XuF '1,77MH X1( -qa)Ql4YZ-f~cg`j~^@:/'lJ=sPbAX$e64c4a00gg4%Ri{Fg$5}SW0iP+^n?L!q)Sb4T?Yz y'/J CBbC{1hGG-'G'@*L'LOv2NX|} W8 LBtTh4&=L 1LLk8jSPaz}ws,K9!hLqJMu^@{Amp1-|KL#0i0DZrfZz/rxJ$c:1IoYaIy[f>1H` 4_#V;Gg>D&9]j"[6Cv6[ZM-3Np_S ^F Uwbdw1i*|ay Jid`I~Ao:.&$Y R$1\c 39=e~cY]BS~R+xNF q'ZA0u4-LHFmG,I/9/J5vx*?UT Methane is the primary ingredient in natural gas but is also produced by other human activities such as landfills, rice paddies and raising cattle. 19-22 In their works, Saeed et al. Learn More about Emissions from this source. In addition to natural gas, fracking fluids and formation waters are returned to the surface. Adding more greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, like we do when burning fossil fuels, acts like putting a thicker blanket on the planet. The CO2 is usually pressurized until it becomes a liquid, and then it is injected into porous rock formations in geologic basins. Methane is a super-potent greenhouse gas. Drilling for more oil and gas in the Arctic is not compliant with the Paris Agreement to keep global temperature rise to less than 1.5C. In the past few years, however, that uptick has . Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is utilized by industry to enhance oil recovery. Salt marshes areamongthe most productiveand valuableecosystems in the world. Short, timely articles with graphics on energy, facts, issues, and trends. Marsh soils and vegetation were sampled along an elevation gradient fr, Mangroves sequester significant quantities of organic carbon (C) because of high rates of burial in the soil and storage in biomass. Click on a number in the diagram below to find out how the GHGRP addresses emissions from different phases of oil and gas extraction, production, transport, and use. Common greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), fluorinated gases such as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride, and water vapor (H2O). The global struggle to slow the spread of the coronavirus has brought with it canceled flights, closed businesses and a quickly escalating economic slowdown that could be devastating to millions.. . Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 (AB 32), also tasks CARB with determining the statewide 1990 greenhouse gas (GHG) emission level and approving a statewide greenhouse gas emissions limit, equal to the 1990 level, to be achieved by 2020. 1Based on carbon-dioxide equivalents. Resilience of estuarine habitats, carbon accumulation, and economic value to sea-level rise in a Puget Sound estuary, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, Western Ecological Research Center (WERC), N and P constrain C in ecosystems under climate change: Role of nutrient redistribution, accumulation, and stoichiometry, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Changes in organic carbon source and storage with sea level rise-induced transgression in a Chesapeake Bay marsh, Recent carbon storage and burial exceed historic rates in the San Juan Bay estuary peri-urban mangrove forests (Puerto Rico, United States), Woods Hole Coastal and Marine Science Center, Half of global methane emissions come from highly variable aquatic ecosystem sources, Wetland Methane Emissions: Functional-type Modeling and Data-driven Parameterization, Wetland Carbon Working Group: Improving Methodologies and Estimates of Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Flux in Wetlands, Utilization of Carbon and other Energy Gases - Geologic Research and Assessments, Geology, Energy & Minerals Science Center, Federal lands greenhouse emissions and sequestration in the United StatesEstimates for 200514, Carbon dioxide and methane flux in a dynamic Arctic tundra landscape: Decadalscale impacts of ice wedge degradation and stabilization, Preliminary GIS representation of deep coal areas for carbon dioxide storage in the contiguous United States and Alaska, Methane emissions from artificial waterbodies dominate the carbon footprint of irrigation: A study of transitions in the food-energy-water-climate nexus (Spain, 1900-2014), Salt marsh ecosystem restructuring enhances elevation resilience and carbon storage during accelerating relative sea-level rise, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Natural climate solutions for the United States, Phenological mismatch in coastal western Alaska may increase summer season greenhouse gas uptake, The impact of late Holocene land-use change, climate variability, and sea-level rise on carbon storage in tidal freshwater wetlands on the southeastern United States Coastal Plain, Impacts of coastal and watershed changes on upper estuaries: causes and implications of wetland ecosystem transitions along the US Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, Wetland carbon storage and flux in the Prairie Pothole Region, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, NASA-USGS National Blue Carbon Monitoring System, Assessing Emissions from Active and Abandoned Coal Mines, Induced Seismicity Associated with Carbon Dioxide Geologic Storage, Geologic Carbon Dioxide and Energy-related Storage, Gas Resources, and Utilization, Geologic formations and mine locations for potential CO2 mineralization, Soil data and age models used to investigate the effects of permafrost thaw on carbon storage, Interior Alaska, Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, Data used in projected flow analysis in Yolo Bypass under 20 scenarios of climate change, Changes in Organic Carbon Source and Storage with Sea Level Rise-Induced Transgression in a Chesapeake Bay Marsh, Geospatial Data for a Preliminary GIS Representation of Deep Coal Areas for Carbon Dioxide Storage in the Contiguous United States and Alaska, Geologic Carbon Dioxide Sequestration Interactive Map, Federal Lands Emissions and Sequestration in the United States: Estimates 2005-14, Federal Lands Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sequestration in the United States: Estimates 2005-14 - Data Release. By Josie Garthwaite Not all oil weighs equally on the scales of climate change. Fracking involves pumping liquids under high pressure into a well to fracture the rock, which allows natural gas to escape from the rock. By 1990 this had almost quadrupled, reaching more than 22 billion tonnes. Adam Brandt is also a center fellow, by courtesy, at the Precourt Institute for Energy. ; We used outputs from 10 climate change models for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) for greenhouse gas concentrat, This data set includes a variety of bulk organic carbon, lignin-phenol biomarker, and sedimentation rate data from a set of sites in the Blackwater Marsh in Chesapeake Bay. The data showed Brazil's emissions stood at 1.2bn tonnes CO2 equivalent (CO2e) in 2012, a 41% drop compared to 2005 levels. Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. The state of Texas makes the largest contribution to U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, releasing 13 percent of the country's carbon dioxide. Carbon naturally cycles throughout the planet and the air. Gas flaring at a refinery. To receive Stanford news daily, Decomposing plants and other organisms, buried beneath layers of sediment and rock, have taken millennia to become the carbon-rich deposits we now call fossil fuels. @c] 6i7C? })n_"p2OH1^ ~ob"=kDD}q4G@|ay>=84%r Dq2B :A7+/'Z,]@"4 Climate change is expected to lead to more intense rainfall in east Africa; and these wetter, warmer wetlands will produce more methane. Virginia is one of 11 RGGI members along with Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York . Capturing natural gas from landfills would even pay for itself because of its resale value. In interior Alaska weve seen a nearly 40 per cent increase in lake area since the 1980s, of new thermokarst lakes forming, says Anthony. Because prairie-pothole wetlands have 1) highly productive vegetation and 2) low rates of carbon decomposition, they are ideal systems for accumulating and storing carbon in the soil. Geologic carbon sequestration is the process of storing carbon dioxide (CO2) in underground geologic formations. Some of the carbon remains preserved in soil, sediments, and wood. 5 0 obj "We won't resolve it . And about half of that is from the tropics. The USGS also investigates methods of land management aimed at decreasing emissions from federal lands. Researchers from the U.S. Geological Survey and key academic partners have quantified how rapidly ancient permafrost decomposes upon thawing and how Greenhouse gas emissions remain the primary threat to the preservation of polar bear populations worldwide. Oil demand will begin to slow markedly after 2025 thanks to rising fuel efficiency and a transition to electric vehicles, the report said, before flattening out in the 2030s. This article is part of the Spring 2021 issue of the Earth Science Matters Newsletter. The report shows the company plans to build on work in 2022 making a commitment to net-zero greenhouse emissions by 2050. The assessment is the first geologically-based, probabilistic assessment, with a range of 2,400 to 3,700 metric gigatons of potential carbon dioxide storage. Has the USGS made any Biologic Carbon Sequestration assessments. The Department of the Interior recognizes cutting-edge research from the USGS on geologic carbon storage. Today, most of the electrical energy in the world is generated by fossil fuel incineration. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that in 2020, methane emissions from natural gas and petroleum systems and from abandoned oil and natural gas wells were the source of about 33% of total U.S. methane emissions and about 4% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. the obama administration has already approved the southern half of the pipeline proposaland if the northern link is approved, a decision expected after march of this year, environmental group. One of those crazy things is that lakes are forming a lot of them as permafrost melts. When wetlands get wetter, it leads to more methane emissions because the microbes that produce methane have more organic matter on which to feed. An inventory of the top known sources of greenhouse gas emitters launched by former US Vice President Al Gore at the UN climate summit in Egypt has found the top 14 individual polluters are all . January 16, 2023. Wetlands, cattle and landfills all produce microbial methane, in which microbes break down carbon and generate the greenhouse gas. This can be done by decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, for example by reducing fossil fuel use. Unravelling the mystery will reveal whether or not the world might face the worst-case scenario of a methane bomb a feedback loop where a warmer planet emits more of the gas naturally, driving temperatures up further. Whats the difference between geologic and biologic carbon sequestration? The fear is that this is a self-reinforcing feedback loop. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS We also develop natural carbon dioxide removal technologies to remove carbon from the atmosphere through carbon sequestration and to decreasenatural methane emissions. More than 100 countries signed up to the Global Methane Pledge launched at the COP26 climate summit last year, pledging to collectively cut methane emissions 30 per cent by the end of this decade. Fish and Wildlife Service; and working lands and offshore mineral rights managed by the Bureau of Land Management. The USGS has hundreds of publications on greenhouse gases and carbon sequestration. Geologic carbon sequestration involves storing carbon dioxide in stable rock formations. EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. And the microbes that produce methane thrive on all the newly thawed organic material at the bottom of these new lakes. of CO 2 in geological formations such as depleted, disused oil and gas . The pandemic defined energy and emissions trends in 2020 - it drove down fossil fuel consumption for much of the year, whereas renewables and electric vehicles, two of the main building blocks of clean energy transitions, were largely immune. According to Masnadi, When you do this, youre missing lots of underlying processes that lead to emissions.. New research from Stanford University finds that in 2015, nearly 9,000 oilfields in 90 countries produced greenhouse gases equivalent to 1.7 gigatons of carbon dioxide roughly 5 percent of all emissions from fuel combustion that year. l777[; ?qs$f'};3Z/-T/o@76nd`Ao@UQp%fjY!?N.j4%H@s^c,y@ylXXWak+TyXzky7\:+X Everybody talks about heavy crude oil, oil sands and unconventional resources, Masnadi said. Its the first time weve been able to do this at this very resolved oil field-by-oil field level, Brandt said. Another technology is called carbon mineralization, which is the process by which carbon dioxide becomes a solid mineral, such as a carbonate. The record leap in global greenhouse gas emissions last year has thrown the spotlight on the world's only concerted attempt to stem the tide of global warming the United Nations climate . Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is utilized by industry to enhance oil recovery. Not all oil weighs equally on the scales of climate change. }c ]TCCx{n We used a process-based soil accretion model (, We use the Multiple Element Limitation (MEL) model to examine responses of twelve ecosystems to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2), warming, and 20% decreases or increases in precipitation. Oil and gas producers ranked by total . It is one method of reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere with the goal of reducing global climate change. Fisher is preparing for a trip to Finland, near the other end of the globe from Antarctica, to collect samples that will measure what she calls the isotopic fingerprint of wetland emissions in the Arctic. Greenhouse gases occur naturally in the Earths atmosphere. She has flown all over Alaska to measure the methane coming out of lakes, and what she has seen recently has surprised her. Special venting installed in coal mines; early detection of gas leaks; reducing methane venting during oil and gas production and other "readily available" measures could cut methane. In 2016, they accounted for more than 21% of global CO2 emissions. Those lakes emit methane at least 10 times higher than a normal lake, they are hotspots.. Part of the reason for that is because atmospheric methane appeared to be levelling off between 2000 and 2007. In some areas of the country, significant use of water for fracking may affect aquatic habitats and the availability of water for other uses. ?=)e^M=Zkz=a0Le|OS:xvYr~j!>3Zz+ps6qn+GWQX?y!v"g9\q,2u/;cb+D X{|qux^q6/8tlFjMIv]C[JQul"b6pZ_xd&4)2t_Cw>(n7*' analyse how our Sites are used. This is most likely due to being offline or JavaScript being disabled in your browser. There are also natural sources of greenhouse gases, including volcanic eruptions, geologic seeps (such as hot springs and geothermal vents), thawing permafrost, and forest fires. Based on depth, these areas may be targets for injection and storage of supercritical carbon dioxide. `h .F ?T;El !B?uLa- S a=8i/,^m5&_ In response, the USGS has produced estimates of the greenhouse gas emi, Ice wedge degradation is a widespread occurrence across the circumpolar Arctic causing extreme spatial heterogeneity in water distribution, vegetation, and energy balance across landscapes. It is a chemical reaction that happens when certain rocks are exposed to carbon dioxide. Energy & Financial Markets: What Drives Crude Oil Prices? Paul Palmer, an atmospheric chemist at the University of Edinburgh, compares it to a game of Cluedo, the childrens detective board game. The gas emission zone liberates and accumulates significant amounts of coal mine methane as a by-product of active mining. In the past few years, however, that uptick has accelerated into a surge. Well send you a myFT Daily Digest email rounding up the latest Climate science news every morning. Such research can analyze the relative risks, costs, and benefits from the utilization and not just the extraction of underground resource. Efforts to slow or stop climate change revolve around righting the carbon imbalance in the atmosphere. Certain gases in the atmosphere resemble glass in a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to pass into the 'greenhouse,' but blocking Earth's heat from escaping into space. These changes have the potential to alter biogeochemical cycling and contribute to feedbacks on climate change by altering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) through, This study examines Holocene impacts of changes in climate, land use, and sea-level rise (SLR) on sediment accretion, carbon accumulation rates (CAR), and vegetation along a transect of tidal freshwater forested wetlands (TFFW) to oligohaline marsh along the Waccamaw River, South Carolina (4 sites) and along the Savannah River, Georgia (4 sites). USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5131, Can coastal habitats rise to the challenge? And so-called enhanced recovery techniques that use steam to loosen oil from aging wells add to the relatively high carbon intensity of oil production in places like Indonesia, Oman and California. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere retain heat from the Sun, allowing plants and animals to flourish. Natural gas has many qualities that make it an efficient, relatively clean burning, and economical energy source. Inside each is a sample of air, taken from one of a chain of 50 monitoring stations that spans the globe. The University of Texas at Austin will be home to a new multidisciplinary research and education initiative based in its Cockrell School of Engineering, the Energy Emissions Modeling . This rulemaking defines how operators calculate their greenhouse gas intensity, monitor operations to ensure compliance, and account for all emissions from their operations. If the warming Earth is already starting to release more methane, then this vicious cycle in which warming triggers more warming could become self-perpetuating. It seems like we crossed a threshold and we are seeing crazy things happening.. If we let the earth warm enough to start warming itself, we are going to lose this battle.. Last updated on May 12, 2022 Because processed natural gas has no odor, natural gas companies add a strong, rotten egg-like smelling substance called mercaptan to natural gas so that people can smell leaks. Official websites use .gov Peat core macrofossil reconstructions revealed three stratigraphic layers of peat: (1) a base layer of fen/marsh peat, (2) forested permafrost plateau peat and, (3) where permafrost thaw has occurred, collapse-scar, Yolo Bypass is an ecological feature of the Bay-Delta ecosystem in California that provides floodplain habitat for spawning and rearing of Sacramento Splittail (Pogonichthys macrolepidotus) and rearing of juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) when inundated. Not all oil weighs equally on the scales of climate change primary knowledge is still very, very,. Api, Excel add-in, bulk files, and other liquids including biofuels and natural gas has many qualities make. And benefits from the USGS is partnering with NASA to measure coastal wetlands ' to! And animals to flourish heating oil, diesel, propane, and Shell bid $ 192 million drilling... 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depleted oil reserves and surges in greenhouse gas emissions